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Quelle est mon IPv4 / IPv6 publique ?
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Quelle est mon adresse IPv4 / IPv6 publique ?
Connectivité IP : Bienvenue dans l’internet du futur !

The /bin/true Command and Copyright
by John Chambers

One of the fun examples among all the copyright fuss is the extreme example of copyright claims made by AT&T some time in the 1980s. It's the /bin/true program. This is a "dummy" library program whose main function is to make it easy to write infinite loops (while true do ...) in shells scripts. The "true" program does nothing; it merely exits with a zero exit status. This can be done with an empty file that's marked executable, and that's what it was in the earliest unix system libraries. Such an empty file will be interpreted as a shell script that does nothing, and since it does this successfully, the shell exits with a zero exit status. But AT&T's lawyers decided that this was worthy of copyright protection.

The earliest copyrighted version of /bin/true that I've found so far dates from 1984:

That's the entire file. I've added the initial "| " so that you can see the exact contents. Note that it only contains blank lines and a comment (the #ident line identifying it as the "true" command). That's right; AT&T claimed copyright on three blank lines. So if you use blank lines in any of your files, you are in blatant violation of AT&T's copyright claim.

Lest you think that this is a fluke that was quickly corrected, here is the /bin/true program from AT&T's Sys/V libraries as of 1990:

Note that there is still nothing in this script except three blank lines and a copyright notice, plus the #ident line that now identifies it as version 1.6.

It might also be noted that, since I am "publishing" the entire contents of an AT&T program I am in blatant violation of AT&T's copyright claim. I've pointed this out publicly on numerous occations, in various technical forums, since the early 1980's. So far I haven't heard a word from any AT&T lawyers. Anyone have any idea why they are ignoring such a violation?

We might also note that linux systems avoid violating this copyright by replacing /bin/true with a compiled binary. This also runs a lot faster than the above shell script, since it avoids firing up a second unrelated program (/bin/sh) to do nothing. This is yet another reason that linux outperforms unix. And they were apparently forced into this efficiency improvement by AT&T's copyright claim. ;-)

Addendum:

AT&T isn't the only company to do such things. Here's the same program on a Solaris system in 1993:

Note that there is one less blank line here; it has been replaced by the #! line. But otherwise it is identical. Sun has merely passed on the copyright notice. I wonder if Sun has written permission from AT&T to use blank lines in their code? And I'm a bit disappointed that Sun didn't replace "AT&T" with "Sun Microsystems" throughout. Maybe their lawyers advised not to do this.
Meanwhile, the nice folks at GNU have handled this issue by reimplementing the "true" command in C. This program isn't just smaller and faster than the old shell script, which requires firing up a new shell process to successfully do nothing. They also added some important command-line options:

--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit

Presumably these options were added so they could claim that this wasn't just a stolen copy of the AT&T code; the GNU version actually contains code that does something. Those GNU folks do have a sense of humor. Here's the result of the --version option on a handy linux (knoppix) system in 2007. Note that it's up to version 5.94. Note also the claim that there is no warranty, which in this case presumably means that if the program actually does something, you can't sue them. And note that this version does something that's almost unknown in the software business: It includes an attribution giving the programmer's name.

The /bin/true (or /usr/bin/true) command is now nearly obsolete, because most extant shells now have a builtin "true" command. But it's still useful occasionally, for various silly reasons, and the attempts to copyright it are still a good source of absurdist humor. It's especially fun to note that GNU has reason to copyright their version. This prevents AT&T, Sun or SCO from taking the GNU code, claiming it as their own, and suing the linux crowd for infringement. Copyright © John Chambers, 1990, 1993, 2003, 2007, 2009 ;-)

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#
Installation
#
Homebrew

If you use macOS and Homebrew, you can install ijq with

brew install gpanders/tap/ijq

#
Download a release

Select the version you want to download from sourcehut and download one of the precompiled releases from that page. Then extract the archive and copy the binary and, optionally, the man page to the correct location.

Example:

wget https://git.sr.ht/~gpanders/ijq/refs/v0.2.3/ijq-v0.2.3-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
tar xf ijq-v0.2.3-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
cd ijq-v0.2.3
cp ijq /usr/local/bin
mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
cp ijq.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1

Keyboard shortcuts in Windows
Windows 10 Windows 8.1 Windows 7

Learn more about screenshots with Snip & Sketch

If you are trying to take a screenshot or screengrab, see How to take and annotate screenshots on Windows 10.

Jen Gentleman
Hibiscus
@JenMsft
May 30, 2020
Helpful Hotkeys
A collection of some of my favourite lesser known keyboard shortcuts :)
Photo via @JenMsft

Bon je grogne contre Mozilla, mais Mozilla, je t'aime !, parce que t'es l'un des seuls éditeurs de navigateur à faire une page comme ça: Comment empêcher Firefox d'établir automatiquement des connexions sans ma permission. Et ça, c'est très bien. (Il manque juste un paragraphe sur le préfetching DNS).

Voir aussi: https://lehollandaisvolant.net/?d=2020/01/02/11/28/39-ma-liste-des-tweaks-aboutconfig-dans-firefox
Réglage du cache

Par défaut, Firefox garde en cache les éléments des pages. Il utilise un cache mémoire et un cache disque (entrez about:cache dans la barre d'adresse). Si vous avez beaucoup de mémoire (>8 Go) il est possible de désactiver le cache disque et d'avoir un cache exclusivement en mémoire. En éliminant ainsi les I/O liées au disque, cela permet d'avoir un affichage des pages plus réactif (et cela économise aussi votre SSD).

Dans about:config, faire:

browser.cache.disk.enable = false : Couper le cache disque.
browser.cache.memory.capacity = 512000 : Augmenter le cache mémoire à 512 Mo.
browser.cache.memory.max_entry_size = 50000 : Augmenter la taille maximal des objets gardés en cache (50 Mo au lieu de 5 Mo par défaut).

Personnellement, je couple également cela à un cache DNS local avec un TTL forcé (voir cette page).

Contrepartie: Quand vous fermez Firefox, le cache est vidé. Mais quand on a Firefox ouvert toute la journée, ce n'est pas un problème.

(Et si vous vous posez la question: Non on ne peut pas désactiver le cache disque de Chrome/Chromium: Il continuera à faires des I/O disque comme un gros goret. Conseil: Mettez votre répertoire cache de Chrome/Chromium en tmpfs pour régler le problème.)
Retirer l'avertissement sur les formulaires http

Depuis quelques versions, Firefox affiche un avertissement sur les formulaires de login qui ne sont pas en HTTPS. Même si je comprend la motivation, c'est carrément pénible sur un intranet ou pour des tests en local. Voici comment supprimer cet avertissement.

security.insecure_field_warning.contextual.enable = false
signon.autofillForms.http = true

Astrofox – Générez de jolis clips musicaux pour vos morceaux
@Korben —
8 octobre 2020

Si vous êtes producteur de musique, et que vous souhaitez la diffuser sous la forme de vidéos sur Youtube par exemple, voici une application hyper cool qui va vous permettre d’animer à partir d’un son, des effets, des images, un spectre sonore…etc.

Les musiciens vont être heureux !

Bash error

Every linux netwworking tool in PDF

Fr-OSS sous Windows sans installer quoi que ce soit

Il y a quelques jours je postais une note pour dire que c’était la galère pour écrire français sous Windows.

En fait, non, c’est possible et c’est aussi simple qu’installer un petit programme qui va modifier la disposition du clavier et en faire un clavier Fr-OSS (programme fourni par Microsoft, mais qui n’est pas installé par défaut malheureusement).

Sauf qu’installer un programme n’est pas toujours possible, en particulier dans un environnement où l’on ne peut pas installer tous les programmes que l’on souhaite (par exemple au travail).

Roland (un lecteur) me signale l’existence du programme Portable Keyboard Layout.
C’est un vieux truc (ça date de 2009), mais ça marche encore.

Il n’y a pas besoin d’installer quoi que ce soit, juste de pouvoir exécuter (pas besoin non plus des droits admin) un petit .exe qui va mettre une icône dans la zone de notification.

En ligne, j’ai trouvé les dispositions Colemak et Bépo, mais évidemment pas Fr-OSS.

Du coup je l’ai créé et la voici :

fr-oss.zip (sha1 : 57af9a18dd92cbc9b4faf2ca8f24e062fa170dbf)

Il suffit de dézipper le fichier, de mettre ça où vous voulez et de lancer l’exécutable pkl.exe qu’il y a dedans (et si besoin ajouter ce .exe à la liste des programmes lancés au démarrage).

C’est tout. L’icône apparaît dans la zone de notification.
Un clic dessus et il se désactive, un nouveau clic dessus et il se réactive.

Pour ma modif, j’ai seulement modifié manuellement le fichier layout.ini et j’ai viré tout le reste. Je n’ai pas fait les images pour aider à afficher la disposition du clavier.

Avec ceci, au moins, vous pouvez taper des Æ, É, À, Ç, «», et ’. Comme sur un clavier Fr-OSS disponible sous Linux, sous le nom « français — alternative ».

La seule différence avec le Fr-OSS sous Linux, ce sont les touches mortes : dans cette version, bien qu’ayant respecté leur position, je l’ai considérablement étendu en reprenant la liste des touches mortes du Bépo (on peut donc taper à peu près n’importe quel diacritique de l’alphabet latin, et il y en a un paquet).

EmoCheck

GitHub release Github All Releases

Emotet detection tool for Windows OS.
How to use

Download EmoCheck from the Releases page.
Run EmoCheck on the host.
Check the exported report.

Overview

Microsoft PowerToys is a set of utilities for power users to tune and streamline their Windows experience for greater productivity. Inspired by the Windows 95 era PowerToys project, this reboot provides power users with ways to squeeze more efficiency out of the Windows 10 shell and customize it for individual workflows. A great overview of the Windows 95 PowerToys can be found here.

PowerToys Run

https://aka.ms/powerToysPowerLauncherImageSmall PowerToys Run is a new toy in PowerToys that can help you search and launch your app instantly with a simple <kbd>Alt</kbd>+<kbd>Space</kbd> and start typing! It is open source and modular for additional plugins. Window Walker is now inside too! This PowerToy requires Windows 10 1903 (build 18362) or later.

Shortcut Guide

https://aka.ms/powerToysShortcutGuideImageSmall Windows key shortcut guide appears when a user holds the Windows key down for more than one second and shows the available shortcuts for the current state of the desktop.

Installing and running Microsoft PowerToys

Requirements

• Windows 10 1803 (build 17134) or later.
• Have .NET Core 3.1 Desktop Runtime. The installer should handle this but we want to directly make people aware.

0.18 users for updating via notifications

• We adjusted how upgrading works in 0.20. In 0.19 we accounted for this upcoming change but if you are going from 0.18 to 0.21, please directly use the installer file.

Via GitHub with EXE [Recommended]

Install from the [Microsoft PowerToys GitHub releases page][github-release-link]. Click on Assets to show the files available in the release and then click on PowerToysSetup-0.21.1-x64.exe to download the PowerToys installer.

This is our preferred method.

Via WinGet (Preview)

Download PowerToys from WinGet. To install PowerToys, run the following command from the command line / PowerShell:

WinGet install powertoys

Download link

https://github.com/microsoft/PowerToys/releases/

Extract Images
From any public website

Instagram support coming soon!

industries brand marque , who's who

Mozilla thunderbird releases version download

All version here : https://archive.mozilla.org/pub/thunderbird/releases/

64bit --> https://archive.mozilla.org/pub/thunderbird/releases/68.12.0/win64/fr/Thunderbird%20Setup%2068.12.0.exe

Distro_debian
Last edited by Steve Beattie 2 years ago
In Stock Debian

AppArmor should be available out of the box in the latest Debian distros. Please see http://wiki.debian.org/AppArmor

To enable the AppArmor in the Debian kernel, add “security=apparmor” to the kernel parameters, like this:

sed -i -e 's/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="/&security=apparmor /' /etc/default/grub

This sed command results in the following /etc/default/grub line on my system:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=“security=apparmor quiet”

Then run

update-grub

Experimental AppArmor on Debian Jessie amd64
Kernel
Obtaining

mkdir -p ~/apparmor/ && cd ~/apparmor/
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.10.2.tar.xz
tar -xJf linux-3.10.2.tar.xz
cd linux-3.10.2/

Building

cd ~/apparmor/linux-3.10.2/

See if we can reuse the existing kernel configuration (CONFIG_IKCONFIG=y, CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC=y):

cp /proc/config.gz ./ && gzip -d config.gz

Tweak the kernel, enable AppArmor:

apt-get install libncurses-dev
make menuconfig

“Security options” ---> “AppArmor support”, “Enable AppArmor 2.4 compatability”
Installing

aptitude install dpkg-dev bc
cd ~/apparmor/linux-3.10.2/
make deb-pkg
dpkg -i ../linux-firmware-image_{version}.deb
dpkg -i ../linux-headers-{version}.deb
dpkg -i ../linux-image-{version}.deb

If the kernel is installed on another host, then symlinks for DKMS should be fixed.

rm /lib/modules/{version}/build; ln -s /usr/src/linux-headers-{version} /lib/modules/{version}/build
rm /lib/modules/{version}/source; ln -s /usr/src/linux-headers-{version} /lib/modules/{version}/source

About dpkg -i ../linux-libc-{version}.deb: /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/asm seems to be missing from latest linux-libc-{version}.deb. If you installed linux-libc-{version}.deb, you can downgrade to Debian version with aptitude install linux-libc-dev=3.0.0-3.

Finally:

update-grub

Checking

Reboot under new kernel:

/sbin/shutdown -r now

or

reboot

Now see if AppArmor is loaded and enabled (should print “Y”):

cat /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/enabled

Tools

aptitude install apparmor apparmor-profiles
/etc/init.d/apparmor restart

Checking

cat /var/log/audit/audit.log | grep apparmor_parser

should display something like

type=AVC msg=audit(1316949034.097:108): apparmor=“STATUS” operation=“profile_load” name=“/bin/ping” pid=5207 comm=“apparmor_parser”

Tuning logs

Audit data by default is dropped into /var/log/messages via rsyslogd. That way, the data is severely capped by the kernel in order not to overload the messages log. To make audit data usable with AppArmor we should install auditd and tune it to keep large amounts of data:

apt-get install auditd
sed -i -re 's/max_log_file = [0-9]+/max_log_file = 200/' /etc/audit/auditd.conf
/etc/init.d/auditd restart

Sécuriser OpenSSH
21 Aug 2020

Sshd est le processus du serveur OpenSSH.

Il écoute les connexions entrantes à l’aide du protocole SSH et agit comme serveur pour le protocole.

Il gère l’authentification des utilisateurs, le chiffrement, les connexions de terminaux, les transferts de fichiers et le tunneling.

Home SSH Hardening Guides Contact

About

This free tool audits the configuration of an SSH server or client and highlights the areas needing improvement.

Too many admins overlook SSH configuration when setting up new systems. Unfortunately, the defaults for many operating systems are optimized for compatibility, not security.

To see a sample report, click here.

Install and Update All Your Programs at Once

No toolbars. No clicking next. Just pick your apps and go.

A Ninite Installer
Always Up-to-date

You don't have to watch for updates. Our bots do that. Here's what's new:

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